This is the short version of the development of the hypothesis that the world is dynamic patterns of space. It is primarily a repeat of the KEY IDEAS that appear on each page of the long version.
If you want to jump to the long version from any point in the short version, a link is provided at the beginning of each named sub-section of the KEY IDEAS as well as in the side navigation.
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- ‘Nothing’ is a complete lack of everything so it is a contradiction to say that nothing exists.
- It is impossible for something to come into existence from nothing.
- The idea that something is the natural state of the world requires a ‘Gestalt switch’ in our thinking.
- Something is infinitely more probable than nothing.
- There has always been something, that is, something has existed eternally.
- We use the word ‘eternally’ to mean that something has existed forever, for an infinite time, for eternity.
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- It is something the nature of which we are investigating.
- Thinkers have always been concerned about what might be the fundamental substance of the world.
- An ether in space was postulated from early times but shown to be incorrect by Michelson and Morley in 1881.
- Ether is reinstated by Einstein as necessary for general theory of relativity, but is not ‘ponderable media’.
- The relationist view of space is that it is just relations between objects.
- The absolutist regards space as real, empty, a void but real.
- By a process of elimination of entities, we hypothesise that space is the fundamental something and objects emerge from space.
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- Our inability to sense space in any way makes it almost impossible to describe.
- The are only two ways we can know an object, material or event, the first is through a description of its properties and the second through direct contact with it.
- Asking what space is implies that it is something more than the sum of its properties.
- Only absolute space gives the necessary degree of substantiality to support the properties that we are able to infer.
- Whether space does play an active role in the movement of light, or whether it simply allows light to traverse it, means that the medium of space is at least compatible with energy.
- Does space precedes both energy and matter?
- If space is ponderable material it can exist only as either discrete elements or as a continuum.
- Postulating that space is material and discrete, requires the relationist view of space, which we have rejected.
- We also conclude that a continuum of material space is not possible.
- The alternative that we will consider from this point on is that space is an energy field.
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- Space is the natural state of the universe, and space exists as an energy field.
- Something that is inherent to the energy field makes the energy of space available for the creation of order.
- It is the natural state of space to fluctuate.
- Fluctuations of the energy intensity of space are due to its inherent instability.
- The instability of space is analogous to the instability of the atmosphere.
- The energy intensity varies in small expanses of space called ‘cells’.
- Variations in the energy intensity cells causes tension between the cells.
- Tension between the cells occurs because of the fluctuations in the energy intensity of space, not between space and something else.
- We refer to this changing energy intensity of space as an ‘event cell’.
- It is the fluctuating event cells that make available the energy of space for the work of creating order.
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- The fluctuations of the energy intensity of space will vary infinitely within a range at very small scales.
- In the infinite variety of fluctuations, it is inevitable that event cells that have a toroidal topology will occur.
- Since we refer to event cells as objects which have the shape of a torus, we refer to them as ‘toroids’.
- More fluctuations will be toroidal for the same reason that smoke curls into itself to form a smoke ring.
- If the fluctuations have a toroidal topology they will have the propensity of linking to form chains, which may result in them lasting longer in significantly greater numbers.
- Toroidal event cells are intrinsic to space and the cumulative effect is that they form a potential energy field with both local and universal features.
- Rather than continually repeating ‘toroidal event cell’, it will be more convenient to refer to it as a ‘toroidino’.
- Toroidinos must be tiny because, it they were large we would almost certainly have been able to observe them or at least to detect the effects of them.
- It is also possible that the effects are being detected but the data are being discarded as “noise”.
- When an event cell contracts, as it collapses the surrounding, rapidly occurring event cells will take its place.
- Because toroidinos comprise everything in the universe they determine the nature of space and the universal principle according to which the universe is organised. the ontological principle.
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- The universe is organised according to a universal principle, called the ‘ontological principle’, that applies at every scale.
- The universe is a fluctuating energy field which manifests as toroidinos, which makes the energy available for the creation of order in the universe.
- Whenever a change in the intensity away from the mean intensity of space begins, it is the beginning of an event cell.
- Whenever the intensity is increasing from the mean to higher intensity, depending on the activity in the contiguous space, the event cell will be expanding.
- Whenever the intensity is decreasing, depending on the activity in the contiguous space, the event cell will be contracting.
- The balance between the rates of expansion and contraction of event cells will depend on their incessantly changing environment.
- Event cells do not fluctuate in the same location, each fluctuation is a brand new event.
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- Changes in the internal energy intensity of a toroidino will cause changes in its size such that the energy intensity increasing from the mean will cause it to expand, while the intensity decreasing back to the mean will cause the toroidino to contract.
- Because the toroidino is intrinsic to space, when it is expanding it must do so against the pressure of the contiguous toroidinos, which may also be expanding, in which case the rate of expansion of the toroidino will be slow relative to its rate of contraction. Because the contraction will be assisted by the pressure of the contiguous cells a more abrupt end to the toroidino will result.
- The balance between the rates of expansion and contraction of each toroidino will depend on the incessantly changing environment of the toroidino.
- If the contracting phase predominates in a majority of the toroidinos in a concentration, the cumulative effect is that space becomes curved around the concentration.
- It is not ‘mass’ that is curving the space but the accumulating contractions of the fluctuating toroidinos.
- The cumulative effects of the toroidinos will depend on the absolute energy intensity of each toroidino;the ratio between the rate of expansion and the rate of contraction; their number and rate of occurrence and their ultimate sizes.
These effects will accumulate to the next larger scale and then on up to the cosmological scale.
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- The resultant of the ratios and the changes in the sizes of the toroidinos determines the size of the of the accumulation.
- Regions of accumulations in which the contracting phase predominates, will be curved. This curvature is what we know as ‘gravity’.
- The fluctuations of a region will manifest as waves of contractions and expansions of the region of space, which will disperse throughout space in every direction.
- We may interpret these waves as ‘gravitational waves’, the intensity of which will decrease according to the inverse square law, as though the centre was a ‘point source’.
- Two additional things will affect the changing intensity of the waves; the intensity of the concentration of the region itself; and the nature of the space the waves are traversing.
- The fluctuations may be below the threshold that would produce visible ‘matter’, but they would still cause some curvature and invisible accumulations of cells of fluctuating energy. That is, ‘empty’ space will gravitate but invisibly, which could be what gives rise to what is known as ‘dark matter’, which is hypothesised to comprise 22 per cent of the total matter in the universe.
- Because the ratio of expansion to contraction will be greater only in regions with low accumulations of toroidinos, and because it causes the expansion of space, possibly in some regions an accelerating expansion, we may interpret the result as ‘dark energy’.
- Also, the cumulative expansion will cause space to expand without the need for the production of any new ‘mass’, thereby avoiding the necessity to contravene the principle of conservation of energy and matter.
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- Gravity pervades the whole world at all times, and yet no one has ever explained its cause.
- Space tends to flow into ‘massive’ bodies thereby creating curvature so that other ‘massive’ bodies in their domain fall towards them.
- The ‘paradoxical’ difficulty of whether matter creates curvature or curvature creates matter persists because people continue to regard space and matter as separate entities.
- Once we make the Gestalt switch and accept that space is all there is, the problem of how matter ‘tells’ space how to curve simply dissolves, because space and matter are the same entity.
- Wheeler’s geon has an inner structure that from a great distance looks and acts like a point source.
Perhaps the toroidino is the ‘body’ that he seeks but cannot find just because he is looking for a separate ‘body’ and not an event cell of space.
- Simply put, mass is a concentration in the energy field of space to which it is intrinsic.
- The more toroidinos concentrated in a region and the greater the predominance of the contracting phase of the cells, the steeper will be the curvature of the contiguous space and the more difficult it will be to ‘lift up’ the concentration of toroidinos against the curvature. This heaviness is what we know as ‘mass’.
- A factor that will greatly increase the overall concentration of the energy in a region of space is the way in which the toroidal cells have a propensity to link up.
- Even when a toroidino in the linkage fluctuates out of existence, it is highly probable that it will be replaced immediately by another toroidino in the same location in such a way that these linkages become embryonic patterns.
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- Space is an energy field in which events are occurring with an infinite variety of rates, dimensions, sizes and topologies, many of which are toroidal.
- The ratio of the slopes of the contracting and expanding phases of the toroidinos is the basis of the ontological principle of the world.
- The world we have envisaged is close to maximum entropy so something must be causing it to develop the structure with which we are familiar.
- Space could have any number of dimensions fluctuating at various frequencies into and out of existence, all but three of which are beyond the reach of our perception.
- The energy field comprised of toroidinos is transformed according to the ontological principle into the dynamic patterns that are the objects and phenomena with which we are familiar.
- Central to the idea of patterns are nodes and modes. Nodes are individual types of events and it is the modes of the nodes that are the specific properties of things.
- Since the fluctuations of space are about a nominal mean, the resulting toroidinos will all be within a certain range of size and energy intensity.
- The regularity of space will result in the formation of regular coagulations or clusters which form the regular patterns of space.
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- The cumulative effect of concentrations of event cells is that there will be regions of space resulting in the accretion of cells and concentrations of cells, and so on . . .
- When there is a sufficient concentration a plasma will form and from that hydrogen.
- A sufficient concentration of simple atoms will result in nuclear fusion, resulting in the formation of a star.
- From stars the production of complex concentrations of energy by nucleosynthesis will occur to produce what we call ‘elements’.
- In regions of insufficient curvature, the cells and concentrations of cells simply “drift off” until they enter the domain of curvature of other concentrations of energy.
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- In regions of high intensity of toroidinos, the seething plasma of toroidinos will manifest as intense energy sources.
- These intensifications create an energy gradient that originates from the source and spreads throughout the universe.
- The gradient exists before any radiation occurs.
- The gradient decreases exponentially to asymptotically approach zero.
- The gradient creates an environment conducive to the origination of toroidinos along the gradient.
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- The processes of fluctuation involve very tiny, very short-lived toroidinos and accumulations of these cells, which we will now refer to as ‘dynamic patterns’.
- It is the changes in the positions of the dynamic patterns that provide the appearance of motion, not the constituents of the patterns.
- If we accept that everything is a dynamic pattern, it follows that all motion we perceive must be the motion of a dynamic pattern.
- The patterns don’t actually move either, they only appear to have motion.
- The images on a flat or LCD television screen, even complex, fast moving, many coloured images ‘move’ in the same way as the cursor on a computer monitor, that is, they don’t move at all, their motion is apparent.
- Remember that all objects are events and the ontology of the world is an event ontology or process.
- The changing ratios between the contracting phase and the expanding phase is what determine whether the ball accelerates, has constant motion, decelerates or remains stationary.
- The sense of motion is created by the locations of the new toroidinos progressively ‘lighting up’ along the energy gradient.
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- The speed of light, defined as exactly 299,792,458 metres per second, is inversely proportional the permittivity and permeability of free space.
- Both permittivity and permeability ultimately depend on the the dynamic pattern of space.
- The energy gradient provides a pathway which causes the toroidinos to ‘light up’ in sequence along the pathway.
- The dynamics of the pattern of space determine both the speed and frequency of light.
- The speed of light in space will only vary over a very small range and not all in flat space.
- When light passes through regions of higher intensities, the phenomenon of diffraction occurs.
- Light from a distant star passing close to an intense energy source will be diffracted by the energy gradient around that source, a phenomenon usually attributed to the curvature of space.
- It is the energy gradient and the toroidinos interacting with the energy densitythat results in the diffraction of the light.
- The range of rates and intensities of fluctuations in the sun will manifest as a range of frequencies of light extending across the whole electromagnetic spectrum.
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- ‘Force’ is just the application of mechanical energy that changes the local curvature of space, causing objects to ‘move’. The resulting ‘motion’ apparently being due to the application of a force rather than to the curvature of space.
- In short, ‘force’ can be interpreted as the application of energy to change the curvature of space.
- Sources of energy are nothing more than intensifications of toroidinos, which create a gradient that manifests instantly throughout the universe.
- The effects of the gradient originate from the source and spread throughout the universe at the speed of light, as does light itself.
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- Inertia is the resistance to motion and applies to things that are initially stationary; momentum is the resistance to changes in motion.
- When we move any mass, it moves through the medium of which it is comprised and to which it is intrinsic
- The resistance to the motion of any massive object through the contiguous space is the apparent tendency for anything being moved to hold on to that space.
- The more massive is an object, the greater the curvature of the contiguous space so the more it will seem to hold on to that space.
- To accelerate a massive body through space more energy will be required to create the energy gradient and change in curvature of the contiguous space.
- A two dimensional analogy of this process of this changing curvature may be achieved by putting a ball on a mat and lifting the end of the mat, thereby increasing the curvature at the near end so that the ball will roll away.
- It is not a mass that is moving but the dynamic pattern of the ball responding to the increased curvature of space due to the energy being added.
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The next logical step in the development of the hypothesis is to inquire into how electromagnetic energy is created, however, based on perception and reason alone, only rudimentary steps in the investigation of this have been taken. Therefore, we will stop here until further investigation and analysis can be carried out. |
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